Background: Recurrence or relapse to drug abuse is a socioeconomic problem in communities. There are clear and hidden factors in addiction relapse. Objectives: Therefore, the purpose of the study was to determine the role of some factors in Substance abuse treatment centers (SATCs) on relapse to addiction in Iran. Patients and Methods: A qualitative study was carried out with an interpretational approach in Iran in 2017. The study area was Sistan and Baluchestan province located in the Southeast of Iran, where it is a transit route for drugsmuggling. We selected 22 patients, who had the experience of relapse, by a purposive sampling method. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires and individual interviews that were recorded and transcribed. A content analysis method was used to analyze the data. Results: There were 20 (91%) male patients and about 27% of the patients were unemployed. Approximately, 68% (n = 15) of patients had drug quitting experience for one to five times. Five themes emerged as reasons for addiction recurrence including inadequate supervision on the SATCs, managers and personnel’ s inappropriate behaviors, inadequate meetings at SATCs, and overstaying in these centers. Conclusions: In total, SATCs may have some negative effects in the treatment and recovery of patients. Therefore, more careful and constant supervision is recommended for these centers.

Background: Relapse prevention is a medical intervention designed for educating cognitive and behavioral skills to avoid continued drug abuse and relapse.Objectives: This study examined high risk situations for relapse for self-referred addicts are related in Bushehr province Substance abuse treatment centers.Patients and Methods: The present study is descriptive cross-sectional. The sample size consisted of 609 self-referred addicts to Bushehr province Substance abuse centers. IDTS Marlatt questionnaire was used. Analytical and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data.Results: The findings showed that 73.1% of addicts have used Substance during the past 12 months, and 72% have experienced a full relapse. Unpleasant emotions and physical discomfort was the most important reason for relapse and testing personal control and pleasure emotions the least important reason. Interpersonal factors have also a great role in this regard.Conclusions: Considering the high rates of relapse, more attention should be paid to reasons for relapse. It seems necessary that both clinical and psychological approaches would be undertaken simultaneously.

Background: Drug abuse is one of the most important global issue that has become a psychological, social, and family disaster Objective: The present study was aimed to determine the causes of Substance abuse in the elderly. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 120 addicted elderly people referred to addiction treatment centers of Qazvin, Iran were selected by convenience sampling in 2017. The demographic and researcher-made Substance abuse tendency questionnaires were applied for data collection. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics including frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Findings: The mean age and age of the onset of drug abuse were 58. 83± 8. 91 and 34. 44± 13. 37 years, respectively. The majority of the elderly were male (113 subjects, 94. 1%), and 102 (85. 1%) elders were married. Opium was the most common abused drug (75. 8%) and more than half of them (64. 2%) experienced drug discontinuation. Environmental factors were the important reason of intendancy towards drug abuse among elderly people. Conclusion: In this study, the most important reason of drug abuse in the elderly people was environmental factors that were consisted; easy access to drug, lack of sports and recreational facilities and the presence of addicted friends.

Background: The current study aimed at determining the pattern of drug dependence and its related factors in mid-term residential treatment centers (MTRCs). Methods: The current cross-sectional study was conducted on all drug dependent people residing in MTRCs of Tehran, Iran, who were voluntarily seeking treatment from April to August, 2018. Required data were collected through face-to-face interviews. Drug dependence was categorized into four groups: soft opioids, hard opioids, methamphetamine, and combination of hard opioids and methamphetamine. The association of potential risk factors with drug dependence was measured using chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression. Results: Out of 1868 participants in the current study, 97% were male. Mean age (SD) of the participants was 38. 1 (9. 9). The different types of drug dependence were hard opioids (43. 0%), soft opioids (29. 5%), methamphetamine (15. 4%), and a combination of hard opioids and methamphetamine (12. 1%). The prevalence of injecting drug use was 2. 7%. In comparison with the reference group (soft opioids), being un-married and unemployment, significantly increased the risk of using the three groups of drugs (odds ratios [ORs]: 1. 5-3. 34, P values: <0. 001-0. 033). Age ≥ 30 years at the initiation of drug use, and using current drug for more than 10 years, significantly increased the risk of using hard opioids and a combination of hard opioids and methamphetamine (ORs: 1. 65-2. 31, P values: <0. 001-0. 030). Age ≥ 50 years significantly decreased the risk of using the three groups of drugs (ORs: 0. 21-0. 43, P ≤ 0. 001). Conclusion: Different pattern of drug dependence found in MTRCs, they were mostly hard opioid users, lower injecting drug use and higher mean of age.

Introduction: The problem of relapse makes addiction treatment complicated because almost 80% of addicts relapse after treatment completion during the first six months. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting relapse in addicts referred to addiction treatment centers in Marand.Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study that was performed on 306 patients in the city of Marand. The stratified sampling method was used. After collecting the questionnaire and determining its validity and reliability, questionnaires were distributed among an addicted group and as well as a nonaddicted group. In the presence of the researcher, the patients answered the questions. Finally, the data were analyzed using statistical tests (chi-squared, independent t and ANOVA) applying SPSS software, version 21.0 for Windows. Results: In this study, the majority of participants in the addicted group and in the non-addicted group had a lower diploma and diploma respectively (90.2% and 90.8%). The mean age was the non-addicted group for 35.14±8.23 years and in the non-addicted group and 32.72±10.48 for the addicted group. According to the findings of this study, in the addicted group, the main reasons addiction relapse was family insistence (25.5% of cases). The non-addicted group mentioned the social conditions as the most common reason of success in the last quitting (22.9%). Based on the findings, a significant difference was found between the two variables including family size, employment status, smoking, family disputes, person's hopes and obsession to use drugs.Conclusion: For preventing and treating addiction, it is not enough to detoxify in treatment centers. It seems planning and interventions is necessary for preventing and reducing relapse, based on known major risk factors (such as employment status, smoking, family disputes, marriage, individual hope, and mental engagement with drug use).

Introduction: Drug dependence is one of the most social pathologies that it is discussed as a problem of biological, psychological and social. Social and family relationships are effective in treatment of addicts. If unhealthy relationships are used, increase daily stress and decrease treatment readiness of drug dependence. This study was performed to determine role of stress in treatment readiness of drug dependence based on Health Belief Model in Hamadan.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study (descriptive-analytical), was conducted on 118 addicts of Hamadan in 2013. Sampling was simple random. Questionnaires were completed with self-report and interview. Data gathering tools were included: Questionnaire designed based on HBM constructs, Readiness to treatment Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale. T-test and Regression test were used to assess hypotheses and SPSS-16 to analyze data.Results: Regression test showed statistically significant relationship between perceived severity of stress impact and self-efficacy for treatment of drug dependence with treatment readiness of drug dependence (P≤0.05). By increasing self-efficacy (r=0.41) and perceived severity (r=0.17), increases treatment readiness of drug dependence.Conclusion: It is suggested appropriate educational programs for assessing the effect of stress management on treatment readiness of drug dependence, with emphasis on the Health Belief Model structures that have the most impact.

Background: Drug abuse is a chronic and enduring phenomenon, which is among the important challenging public health problems. One of the main aspects in drug abuse is the relapse.Objectives: The aims of this study were to estimate the time to relapse (survival rate) and to evaluate some of its associated variables by survival analysis.Patients and Methods: This research was conducted in four addiction treatment centers on 140 self-referred addicts in Ilam city, Iran, in 2012. Cluster sampling method was used for selecting the samples and data were collected by interview and referring to the subjects’ records. The gathered data were analyzed through the life table, Kaplan-Meier analysis, log rank test, and Cox regression.Results: The relapse rate was 30.42%, mean and median of the time to relapse (survival time) were 27.40 ± 1.63 months (CI 95%: 24.19 - 30.60) and 25 ± 2.25 months (CI 95%: 22.5 - 27.5), respectively. In the first six months, the cumulative survival rate was 83%, while in the 24th month it was 46% and the following time was consistent. Job status (OR=2.64), marital status (OR=1.55), family size (OR=1.20) and age (OR=0.23) were statistically significant in Cox regression model.Conclusions: In the initial treatment, it seems necessary to supervise and monitor the treatment process through staff in addiction treatment centers together with the company of the addicts’ families to reduce relapse rate.

Background: Drug abuse was existed in militaries all of the time and according to many researches it has very negatinve effect military readiness and their epic activity. So in many military systems ordained some protocols to prevent and treatment Drug abuse and addiction in soldiers.Materials and Method: In this original article we surveyed all literatures about Substance abuse and addiction in militaries, inside & outside data banks and military psychology’s title books for prevention and control and treatment of addiction and Substance abuse in militaries around the world.Results: results show some ingredients such drug traffic interdiction, hard disciplinary for addiction, periodic urinary analysis, communion of family and friends for prevention and treatment of addiction, disciplinary proportionate to previous act and duty of persons, special attention to personal and social problems, cooperation between military hospitals and rehabilitation centers, using the commanders, idolize the superior personnels; all of them were the common things in these protocols.Conclusion: Purposed, with survey and using existing protocols; ordinated the special protocol for prevention and treatment of drug abuse in militaries in Islamic Republics of IRAN.

Introduction: Substance abuse Subjects after drinking and entering Rehabilitation Therapies, reuse drugs in a short period of time. Objective: Determination of factors associated with drug abuse recurrence in Drug abusetreatment centers Patients. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study with control group selection. The population under study consisted of those referred to the Drug abuse treatment centers in Shafa Hospital of Rasht in 2016-2017. 82 subjects (41 cases and 41 controls) were selected by available sampling method and completed researcher-made questionnaires containing demographic data and factors related to the recurrence of drug abuse from one's point of view, as well as GHQ 28. Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 software. Results: There was a significant relationship between consumption recurrence with job type (p = 0. 031), low income (p = 0. 036), opium type (p = 0. 020), cannabis (p <0. 0001) and glass (P = 0. 008). The odds of relapse were significantly lower amongst consumers in the food way (p = 0. 026). There was a significant relationship between total score of mental health and relapse of Substance abuse and a unit of mental health score reduction increased the odds of recurrence of drug abuse by 1. 15 times. Among the components of mental health, social dimension has a significant relationship with the recurrence of Substance use Conclusion: The results showed that multiple economic, individual, familial, social and psychological factor sare predictive of the recurrence of drug abuse.